It is the partial and permanent displacement of sigma electrons along the carbon chain. Which influences up to infinite distance theoretically but practically up to C4 to C5.
It is of two types:
- Negative inductive effect or -I effect.
If the electronegativity of the group attached with the carbon chain is more than the electronegativity of the H element, the effect of the group is called the negative inductive effect.
Here, permanent displacement of sigma electrons occurs away from the carbon chain.
2. Positive Inductive Effect or +I effect
If the electronegativity of the group attached with the carbon chain is less than the electronegativity of the H element, the effect of the group is called the +I effect.
Hence, permanent displacement of electrons occurs towards the carbon chain.
Application of Inductive Effect
- Stability of carbocation and carbon free radical
- Stability of carbanions
- Reactivity of alkyl halide and alcohol
- Acidic strength and basic strength
- Reactivity of carbonyl compounds.