bsc 1st year chemistry notes pdf 2021

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL

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1. State: The lower member of alcohols are usually colourless liquids whereas higher members are usually colourless and odourless solids. 2.Solubility: Alcohols are soluble in water. This is due to the hydroxyl group in the alcohol, which is able to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules and their decline solubility is due to the increase in … Read more

Types of Alcohol

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1) Absolute alcohol: Absolute alcohol is a common name for the chemical compound ethanol. To qualify as “absolute,” the ethyl alcohol must contain no more than one percent water. In other words, absolute alcohol is liquid alcohol that is at least 99 percent pure alcohol by weight and it is preparedby two method: Azeotropic distillation: a) … Read more

Chiroptical properties

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are the properties of chiral substances – arising from their non-destructive interaction – with anisotropic refraction. is a properties that can differentiate between the two enantiomers of chiral compound. Scopes are : qualitative and quantitative determination of chirality of molecules. Widespread application of another chiroptical technique, circular dichroism. Vibrational CD and its counter part in … Read more

Allenes Chemistry And Stereochemistry – 1

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The Molecule with no chiral center but chiral are called allenes, cumulenes with even no of double bonds. Biphenyls and similar compounds in which chirality is due to the restricted rotation of single bonds. Allenes, alkylidenes cycloalkanes, biphenyls, and so on are said to possess a chiral axis if we stretch a tetrahedron along its … Read more

Nuclear Over Houser Effect ( NOE)

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Discovered by – Albert Overhouser 1953 It is defined as the change in the intensity of one spin when the transition of another nucleus is perturbed from the equilibrium population. Nuclear spin that is coupled – gives rise to nuclear over houser effect. Through space, the coupling is also called dipolar coupling. It depends on … Read more

Facts in Periodic Table

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Lightest metal – Li Lightest gas – H Metalloid – Ga , In , Ge , As , Sb. Liquid radioactive element – Francium Liquid non metal – Br2 Solid non metal – B , C , Si , P , S , I . Non metal sublimate – I2 Gaseous non metal – N … Read more

Chemical formula And Their Uses

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Epsom salt : MgSO4 . 7H20 used in dye , used in industry , tanning industry , dressing for cotton goods. 2. Plaster of Paris: CaSo4. 1/2 H20 used in surgical bandages plastering broken or fractured bones. 3. Quick Lime: CaO used in building constructions as a mortar. 4. Plaster of Paris: CaSO4. 2H2O used … Read more

Which elements are used as fuel in atom bombs? Nuclear Chemistry

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Atom bombs are nuclear weapons which work on the basis of nuclear fission reaction producing large amount of dustructive energy in short period of time. The most common used elements in atom bombs are Uranium-235( istope of Uranium) and Plutonium-239( isotope of plutonium).  The atom bombs named ‘ Little Boy ‘ and ‘Fat Man’ are … Read more